Soil composition is the specific mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that make up soil. The primary components include mineral particles (sand, silt, and clay), organic matter, water, and air, all of which influence soil properties like texture, structure, porosity, and nutrient availability. These properties are crucial for effective land use and…

Shear strength of soil is defined as the maximum resistance of soil to shear stress, a crucial parameter in geotechnical engineering. This strength is influenced by factors such as soil type, moisture content, and density, and is typically measured through methods like triaxial tests and direct shear tests. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is commonly used…